Citric acid was produced from GRAPES POMACE by Aspergillus niger using a solid-state fermentation system. Effect of some selected factors on the fungal production of citric acid was investigated: spore age, pH value, initial moisture content and particle size of the substrate. Addition of methanol was also studied. Substrate initial moisture content and optimum pH were 65% and 5, respectively. This method produced about 97g of citric acid per kg of GRAPES POMACE in the presence of 3% methanol at 300C in 5 days. The yield was 81% based on the amount of sugar consumed.

In this research work, seven seeded grape cultivars were crossed with four Iranian seedless GRAPES to produce new superior seedless GRAPES as a table grape as well as raisin. Crosses were resulted in 1400 progenies in which 322 progenies in 2010 and 419 progenies in 2011 were evaluated and compared with their own seedless parents as well as cultivars such as Perlette and Flame seedless. Progenies were divided into four GRAPES of seedless, semi seedless, semi seeded and seeded ones. Some seedless progenies had large berries with good attachment of berries to bunch stem and convenient berry density. Among all studied genotypes; B182, N191, J107, B180, K79, C88, L55, A170, M90, L196 & L207 were completely seedless in which B182 had largest berries(2. 2gr). Some other genotypes such as J113, M91, S66, I116, A201, C95, J69, E159 & N165 were recorded as semi seedless ones in which J113 had largest berries (2. 9gr).

The anthocyanins of Siahe Sardasht variety (Vitis vinifera L. var. S.S.) were extracted from freezed samples and were purified by adsorption on cationexchange resin column. Individual pigments were separated by TLC on cellulose plates. Monomeric anthocyanin content that was determined by pH-differential, was 1740.11±3.58 mgL-1 (based on malvidin 3-glucose). Five major pigments were identified by 1H-NMR, IR and UV-Visible spectroscopies. All pigments were acylated with acetyl groups and three of them were acylated with malonyl groups.

Background and Objectives: The objective of this study was to monitor the microorganisms isolated from GRAPES and its derivative traditional products produced in Iran.Material and Methods: Four kinds of GRAPES cultivated summer of 2010 in vineyard of Takestan and also grape derived products from Shahrod, Hamedan and Takestan were used for this study. The samples were cultured in specific media to isolate the microorganisms that might grow on or pollute the products.Results: Species of bacteria and fungi isolated from 4 kinds of GRAPES cultivated in Takestan graveyards and also from 2 kinds of derived traditional products; grape sap and sour grape (abe-ghure locally named), were taken from Takestan, Shahrod and Hamedan cities. Also, bacteria Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., Clostridium spp., and fungus of Penicillium spp., and Aspergillus spp. were isolated.Conclusion: The isolated bacteria were common microorganisms that grow in soil or in the organic fertilizer and may appear from the environments that samples were collected. These bacteria were not pathogenic to human. The fungus isolated from the GRAPES may harm humans as they produce toxin. The results suggested that bacterial diversity on GRAPES and its derived traditional products are expected to be monitored and described in all Iranian graveyards as Iran has been known as one of the world’s biggest grape producers.

Carrot POMACE is a byproduct obtained during carrot juice processing. It contains vitamins, minerals, fiber and anti-oxidant substance. In this studya Box-Behnken design with 3 factors were used to optimize the formulation of a functional cookie containing carrot POMACE powder (CP). Effects of partial substitution of carrot POMACE powder (0-15%), microwave power (600-800 W), and microwave time (60-90 s) on the properties of cookie were evaluated. The results showed that increasing substitution of carrot POMACE increased the moisture, cohesiveness, Stickiness, entropy, contrast, color index a and b, density and, flavor, and overall acceptability and reduced firmness and color index L. Based On the findings, cookie sample that enriched with 13. 33% of carrot POMACE powderand cooked inthe microwave power with 600w during 1. 04 min, was optimum sample between treatments. Total of phenol content, antioxidant activity and crude fiber was found higher in the optimum cookie than control.

Along history, women were under hard afflicting oppressions and injustices. The rights women benefit today, is the result of the struggle of great people who did hard attempts for women’s rights. On this way, not only were women after social equality, but also some men worked following the same goal. So, the present paper considers the feministic opinions of John Stein Beck, the male worldwide famous writer. Beck’s canonical novel The GRAPES of Wrath is analyzed by content to examine the significance of women’s rights and social roles in the writer’s world view. The process of the establishment of the feminist tendencies in the western societies and the importance of the women’s social roles are finally depicted to be two Beck’s priorities in his The GRAPES of Wrath.